Type-writing machine.



A. T. BRUWN. TYPE WRITING MACHINE.

Arrmoafron 1'1LnD Ar.z1, 1902.

Patented May 18. 1909.

,s SHEETS-SHEET 1.

TTEIFQNE Y A. T. BROWN.

TYPE WRITING MACHINE. APPLICATION FILED APB. 21, 1902.

Patented May 18, 1909.

8 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

INVENTDH HE TTDHNEY mms rpm. zur., um; ummmn c I A. T. BROWN. TYPE WRITING MAOHINE.

APPLICATION IILED APR. 21, 1902.

922,385. Patented May 18, 1909.

8 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

M 11155555. r INVENTDR.

l MATTUNEY '4 Nunn; runs. Im.A uma., msmnnm n.1;

A. T. BRGWN.

TYPE' WRITING MACHINE.

APPLIOATION FILED APR. 21. 1902.l

Patented May 18, 1909.

8 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

Nvr-:NT-H.

14:5 TTDRNEY MTNE'EEES.

umm rams. u: Lum.. wusmnnmu. n. c

A. T. BROWN. TYPE WRITING MOHINB.

APPLIoA'rIoR funn APR. 21K 1902` Patented May 18, 1909.

8 SHEETS-SHEET 5.

a. om. TMW ON? .w 5M, A n

INVENTDFL WITNg-:EEEE:

E i l v TTURNEY ti-1: Tm www@ @MEINE- Prmomio rim? 11i @15115995 patented May 18, 1909.

R SHEETS-SHEET 6.

14:5 TTDRNEY noms mrs. um. uhm vusmuwou u. c4

A. T. BROWN. Tm: WRITING momma. Prmornox FILED-A212921. non.

Patented May 18, 1909.4

a Inns-slimm- '1.

4lllllll mul TTEIFQNEIY Manus rama. Inc.. Lmn.. nunmal. D. c. v

A. T. BROWN.

y TYPE WRITING MACHINE.

APPLIO'ATIoN/glLr-.n/An. al. 190%.

8 BEBBTB-SHET @l INVENTUR W ITNEESEE noms mais, m mm.. wwwrun. n. c.

ALEXANDER' r. Baown', or NEW YoRK.

'ryrnfwarrme imcnINE.

To all whom 'it may concern:

Be it known that I, ALEXANDER T.` BRowN,

citizen of the United States, and resident 4of Syracuse, in the county of Onondaga ,andl

' lVriting State of New York, have invented certain newand -useful Improvements in Type- Machines, of which the following is a specification. v

My present invention in typewriting ina-- chines relates more particular y to the type actions, ythe manner of constructingl and mountingthe same, the mode of arranging or mounting `the types on their blocksor bases and on the typebars ori-carriers, to means for varying the relatien between the platen and the type carriers so as tochange from one case to another, and to the universal barand means coperating therewith foraan and perfect imprint A further object of actuating it.

One ofthe objects of my invention is 'to rovide a typewriting machine wherein a arge number of type carriers may /be eiii `ciently employed without making the 'bars .unduly thin and weak and without increasing the size of the machine as a whole andwhereinw the liability of interference of adjacent-type carriers is avoided or reduced to.

To the above and other ends which willv hereinafter appear, myinvention vconsists in the construction, arrangements and combl- -natlons of parts heremafte'r morefully described' and particularly pointed out in the;- lap ended claims.

n the accompanying drawings wherein like reference charactersindicate corresponde ing parts in the various views and in which parts are omitted or lbroken away: Figure 1- 4s a -front view partly 'broken awayv and {Larts of a front, strike 'writing ma-V showing odying my improvements. Fig.

2 is a vertical front to rear central sectional Specication of Letters Patent. i Appncaon medi aprirsi.' 1902.. serialize. massa.

to rear sectional view of the machine looking in the opposite direction from that of Fig. 2. e

Fig. 4 is a detail fragmentary end view partly i Ptent'fmy 18,1909... '-1

-view of the same. is a vertical front in section of the platen, the platen frame .and

' its connection w1th4 the carriage.v FigH'i is a side elevation, partly in section, of the vplaten,"platen frame, carriage'and the platen-` shifting mechanism. Fig. 6'is a diagrammatic end view of the platen, the view' illuspositions of the platen.- Fig. 7 isa rear view of the machine with parts omitted and portrating the relation between the platen and the types on ,a type carrierv in the different tions of the machine broken away. Fig. `8 A is an' enlarged detail topview of the top" plate and the carriage with the platen frame Fi 9 is an enlargd'detail transomitted. verse sectiona vl'ew of the s 'ftfrail bearingroller and its connection.

Figs. 10 and 11 'are detail perspectiveviews of portions of the locking means for the platen shifting mechanism. Fig. 12 is afdeveloped.- lan view of' the type carriers on one side of t e segment.

Fig. 13 is a diagrammatic side view showing .portions of two type actions and the uni-p,

versal bara.

lMy' improvements are shown4 as embodied.- 1.

in a front strike machine .andv while certain features of the invention are particularly 'advantag'eous in so-called vlsiblev writing machines, whether it be a front strike or to strike .machina v it lshould be understoo nevertheless, that some of my improvements may be 'employed in other types .of

machne The vmaehinecomprises a basel which supports a `frame 2 that is surmounted by a top plate .3, on which the carriage 4 travels from end to .end of themachine. Secured to the basel is a plate 55 that extends from l upwardly lto il'l'erent heights and are disthe machine, as illustrated inFig.- 2. Each of the posts has a slotted bearing 7 therein extends to opposite sides of eac of the 'bell crankv key'levers 9. These'key levers are variously shaped andare each providedl with two leverl arms that project substantially equal distances from the pivotal center of the leven., Thus the lever arms 9.xpro`ect upwardly, whereas the forwardly extending arms 9y project forwardly from4 the pivots.

side to side of the machine and supports the -f' various pivot osts or studs 6 wluch extend 5 100 posed inl diHerent positions fore and aft of which 1s adapted to receive a ivot 8 that lio v Thel forward end of each substantially horizontally disposed lever arm 9V. is provided Iwitha finger key 10 whereas the opposite or .upwardly extending arm of each lever is'connected at its free end 11 to a link 12, which preferably a two-part link, the separate parts -being united by a turn-buckle 13 vfghch.cooperates with the oppositely threaded ends14 of the separate parts ofeach link. The're'arend of each link is connected at 15 to a downward extension 16 of a horizontal type bar 17, that maybe mounted in anysuitable manner upon a. support or hanger 18. In

the present instance I have illustrated a construction v#wherein antifriction balls 19 are interposed between abearing on the hanger'and an interior annular race in thev hub'offthe type bar in a similarmanner to 'thatshownfand described in the Patent No.

@3,965 granted to me July 17, 1900: The

I'es

'seen at 22, I "with'a plurality of types, two being shown in Joars' fare straight .throughouti their lengthaftha'tis tosay, veach 'type bar is devoid Ofllateral bends, considered with relation to its plane of vinovement, and the for- `ward end of eachitype bar is perforated at 20`(see Fig. 6) for'the reception of the tapering stem 21 of a type .block 22, which on its outer or face side .is .inclined backwardly and outwardly on o posite sides of its center as ach type block is provided the .present instance, and these types,'22 Vand 22, have faces which are inclined forwardly and inwardly from the' outer end ortijons 23 ofthe types toa point interme iate ...but forward of the types, which forward, in-

4. t'ermediate point is indicated at 24 in Fig. 6.'.

ID'other words, the faces of `thetypes are inv...inlined` 'rearwardly and outwardly from a point intermediateI and in front or forward v.of the types, toward-their outer lextremities' or toward the ends vof the type block, for

purposes which will hereinafter more clearly appear. .Otherwise stated, the plaI1es` repw resented by the lines f and g) of the faces of the types on each block or head are atan angle to each other and intersect in front or forwardof the type faces at a .oint 24which isv on a line m drawn forward y about midway 'of the two types. From aneXa1nination of Fig. 1-2, it will likewise be seen that oneof the'types 22b on each type blockfis in v line'with the shank or stem 2 1 to which it isconnectedand this particular typcin each case preferably is a' lower case type.' Freni this 1t will be seen that the lower 'case'charaeterfon each'type bar lies in the plane of Vmovement of the bar itself and that -all cranking action on the lower case vchar-1. .,act'ers 1s avoided, thus avolding .blurred and 'Imperfect lmpressions.

y reasoirof the peculiarbeveled orinelined arran ement of the faces of the types-` as illustrate in/Fig. 6, I am enabled to'place 6.5

the types much closer togetherl than hereto- .the upper ends of the segment;

' ent fore and thus reduce the amount of/.offset or i extent of cranking heretofore necessary in mounting several types upon a ba'r,'and espe-` clally those bars which approachand are at For exame ple it will be understood that if the faces of the types .Wereboth in the same plane or.

were inclined reversely to .that shown, the

types would-haveto be more widelyseparated in order to avoid the liability of a por'- tion .of'one ytype printing when another. on the sarnebar is leavingv its impression. y When, however, the faces. of the types on the same bar are inclined backwardly away from each other in the manner represented in Fig. 6, a greater space is `provided between the surface of the'platen and the type on the bar which is not at the printing point when 'the other type is in printing position, and

hence a relatively shorter shift of the line of print may. be obtained. without liability of both types printingfat thezsame blow. Thus. the close arrangement of the types on each type block n ot only reduces cranking action,

thereby avoiding blurring when the offset type is printing but it likewise enables a reduced shiftin movement at the oint to be o tained without liability .of a

rinting.

partof onetype'printing upon the platen when the ther type-en the -Same bar .is printin By this-'construction I 'am able to emp oy comparatively thick and rigidv type bars whichare straight throughout sition.. Y This defect is particular y apparent ina thin sheet-*metal type bar having a lateral. bend lat its free end where the types are located.' r'

Each of thev hangers 1,8 is secured by a screw 25 to the forward face of a segment 26 which face is step-shaped and is so construct'- edthat the various steps constitute bearings '27 for the hangers. These steps are in Glider- 'arallel vertical planes `extending different Idist/andes'from the front Aor printing side of the platen. The planes of the step bearings for the upper or .terminal han ers @are nearer the platen than the planesjof t e bear-u ings at and near the center of the segment, and these step bearingsl are p rogressively'v greater as theye'xtend'from the center of the segment f' toA the terminal portions thereof.

vUpon reference to the dotted line x in Fig. 2,

it'willbe understood that this arrangement enables the pivotal centers of the -various and the type bars being .of uniforrrflength, y'it 'type bars to be situated inan inclinedfplane,

"follows that they will extend .different dis- 13e .tances fore and att of the machine; that is to say,y the type bars at the center ot the segment-.Will be projected farther forward than those at the sides or terminal portions of the segment. B v thus .mounting the typel bars itvvill beseen that although they are of equal lengths their type ends extend outwardly in f a'curve or' in'steps one'beyond the other so that thezlaterally and angularly dis osed or overlying types will be clear 'one .of t e othel" Whilev at rest or inl normal position. This avolds all clashing at the rest or basket and enables the bars toV be set closer together,

which means also that more bars maybe employed in a. marhinc ol" given dimensions" than heretofore. This' manner of mounting' the type barslikewise provides what may be termed a skewed arc or an arrangement of the pivotal cent-ers of the type bars in acom-v ound curve; the arrangement 'of theitype ars segnientall'y.around the support .forming a curvature in one direction and the ait-- rangement of the type bar pivots fore and aft ofthe machine forming a slight curvature of the pivotal centers in another direction, as will be understood upon reference tofFig.

- 12 and also lby an inspection of the litre a: in "Fien- 2.

Each ol the bell crank key levers and the parts connected thereto are restored to the normal positionby a leaf spring' 28 which is vsecured at one end 29 to the under side of the plateflike support .3. The opposite free end of each spring' is ape'rtured for the' reception of a lilik 30, the lower end of which is pro vvided with a head. 31 that ai'iordsa bearing -for the spring'.

'the yupper end of each link is formed with a hook 32 Whiclris seated yin they recessed portion of an arm 334 that pro-2 jects rearwardly irom'the bell era-nk lever.

The tension of each spring 28 is exerted l center of the segment have theshortest arms" and the bell cranks increase in size as they downwardly upon the arm and tends to restore the key lever and type bar to their? normal positions. rfhe disposition of the pivotal centers o i' the various bell crank levers at different positions fore and aft of the1 machine and at di'l'ieient heights enables the lever arms of eac-h bell crank lever to he made of the same or substantially the sainelength, fonsidcred @from the terminal 'portlons'thereof to t-he fulcrinn. 'lhe bell crank levers which connect with type bars at the approac-l'i the terminals or upper portions of the segment. l"` or instance, the bell crank key lever irhich is indicated by the lett-er a in Fig'. 2, connects with a type bar at one.

:terminal oi the segmentand this lever is vlonger than anv of the other 'levers intermediate it and the center ot' the segment,'but

., the arms el' this kev lever iroec-t ooual distances from its pivotal center.

l this fact ma) be determined and also that it 'center' of the segment.

ln order that may be readily seen that-the arms of each key leverare of equal length, the various key levers, their pivot-s and their pivot posts 'and associated parts in Fig. i?, are marked with corresponding letters; thus' a' indicates the terminal key lever,its'fk`ey and also its pivot post, etc. g 'he'letter 'b designates one ol` the transverse planes.

.Attending 'forwardly' of thejupright arms of the bell, crank levers and 1n the path .thereo'tl isa curved pad 34 which is carried by 4a curved or segmental .universal bar35, the

- curvature ofthe bar being in the direction' of the curvature formed by the free ends of the upright lever arms ot the various key levers.

The universal bar is rigidly securedat'its ends tio'depending parallel links 36 which are'l pivoted at 37 to bracket arms 38 secured at 'eachl sido of the segment and which brackets also 7constitute a support for the segmental ad, rest or basket 39 on which the type bars ear Whenin theirnormal positions. Connected to each link or arm 36 at`40 isa rearwardly extending link '41,that is attached at itsrear end 42 ,to an upwardly extending arm -43 carried by a rock shaft 44 which extends throughout the Width of the machine as shown in Fig. l and which is restored to normal position by the usual spring 44x. On

said shaft is secureda dog'rocker which is provided inthe usual manner withfeed dogs 46, :which cooperate with an esca ement Wheel 47 that in 'turn is ope'rativeyconnected to a feed`pinion'48, which meshes which are pivoted at 5015 to the v carriage 4.

lThe carriage is propelled by the usual spring drum y51 and intermediate strap o rband 5 1?V It will be seenthat a depression of any oiif. the linger keys 10 will cause the uprightl (see Fig. 7).

110. 'ivitli a feed rack 49 connected to ,arms4 50 f arm of the associated bellcrank lever to be .moved toward the front of the machine,`

thereby moving thev universal bar 35, which is in its path. The movement thus transmitted to the universal' bar will be eeetive to vibrate the shaft 44, through the link and crank arm connection, and the carrier with. its feed dogs will' he vibrated forwardly of' the machine. When the key' is vreleased the parts will be restoredto normal vposition by their springs and the carriage w'ill feed one letter 'space distance. Of course during the down stroke of the key its connected type'ybar is swung rearwardly to print.

y The construction and arrangement of the. type actions is such that a substantially uniform leverage afforded throughout the system and a substantiallyuniform dip of all the keys is'aorde andthe escapement is actuated through the universalbar and the co'rperatingl actuatinglever arms'9X in a substantially 4uniform manner by all of the keys; Thus while the upright lever arnis extend to different heights and the upper ends thereof; are situated in an arc, the upper ends of the arms nevertheless all move a uniform/or substantially-uniform distance fore and aft of-the 'machineyfas indicated by the lines fa in .Figfl though `the upright `lever arms extend different'distances from their pivots and increase ini-length or height l from vthe center to'thevsides of -the'systein This being1thefcase`, the angularmovements of the llever arms decrease frein the vmiddle of the system to the'ends or sides thereof.;

y the shorter lever arms (as for instance).in the. middle of the system having a greater 'angular movement than the longer upright Vlever arms at the ends of the system (as a for instancel. InI order that the universal bar may be moved to-*substantially the same extent by all ofthe upright leverarms and I'thus afford a substantially uniform operation of the escapement mechanism, the universal bar is yconstructed so as tocoperate with the upright lever arms at points on said arms which move to substantially the same extent throughout the system and these points are at diifercnt elevations, or.. at. elevations which increase from the centerto the sides of the system of lever arms.. The universal bar is' curved upwardly from the middle toward'the ends on a more lor less circular line, the extent of curvature depending on different conditions. It is believed that the foregoing will be clearly understoodv from an inspection of Fig. 13, from which it will be seen that the finger key 10 of the vlever a,

having one of the longest upright arms, and the finger key of the lever' b,.hav1ng one of the shortest upright arms, are depressed to the same extent; thatthe upper ends of said upright'lever varms move .thesame distance to swing the typebar to theprinting position; that the angular movements of the two uprightleverarms are different, but that nevertheless the universal bar is movedA the same distance, or from the full to the dotted line position by vboth of said upright lever y 1 arms.v

tion it is immaterial Whether the upright lever arm's-9X constitute part of the key f levers or not, ,sinceftheoperation of the up- From certain aspects of the present invenright lever arms to*` move the 'universal bar a uniform distance Wo nld be the same Whether 'bars provided withoppositelv point.

.end 73 issecured to said shaft.

or noty eachA uprightlever armtconstitutes ranged between the grooves "54 and 55 and support 1 tlre carriage. Suitable pins` or stops "are provided to limit the endwise movementof the-carriage with relation to ,the frame of themachinelkand-` alsoto keep 'the balls 1n the grooves. Pivoted tothe carl'riagevat 57X are'links or arms l-57fthe fof'rwardl ends of which'are yperforated to.encircle the shaft 58X. ofthe Platen 58.

y The platen-"frame lcomprises segmental end-plates59 united at their upper ends by a cross bar 60. The end plates 52 of the carriage are recessed or curved at 61 to conform yto Athe curvature ofthe end plates 59 of the platen fran1e.\ yThe end plates52 of the carriage-have abutments 62 and 63 for copera-` tion, respectively, with adjustable screwstops 64 andf65 carried in interiorly threaded lugs 66 which project from the end plates 59 of the f laten frame.l -These screw stops may be adiusted to vary y:theQeXtentof upwardl and downward shift of the platen frame or to take up or compensate for any wear upon the stops, .in order that the platen may be shifted to the proper position where the faces of the types" will impact. therewith on lines.

that are at substantially rightangles to a line. Vextending' through the axis ofthe platen, as

is clearly` indicated by the dotted ines g,

7L, iin Fig f5. In other words, as will be seen 1, at Fig. 6, in the lower and upper case posi-A tions of the platen theplane of each type face oneach bar when in` printing Josition, is at substantially right angles to a ine radiating l from the axis of the platen to the printing The lower ends of the-end lates 59 are pivoted at 67 to crank arms 68 w ich project from a rock shaft 69 that extends trans- .l

versely across the machine and is supported .in screw bearinl s 70, which extendthrough y bracket arms 7 that project from' the car-` riage, as-indicated in Fig. 8. Surrounding this shaft is a coiled spring 72, which at one The opposite end ofthe spring bears upon the carriage f SoA that tensionI of the spring is eXertedupon they rock shaft 69 in a direction tocounterbalance the weight of the platen and platen frame.. The construction and arrangement is such that when the rock-shaft 69 ,is turned the platenframe will receive `a movement around two centers, one the pivots `57? ofthe l links 57 and the other the axis .orshaft 58X of .the platen. Depending centrally from this rock shaft 69 is an armtfi that has a lateral bend 75 formed'with a'screW-threaded aperhalf round apertures inthe plates. After. `@the platcshave been united by the screws 81, the threaded stem 77 may be 'connected' to v with a screw drivernick 79.A

this ballmemberis a wheel or roller 80, which 922,3es I ture 76 (see Fig. 9). This a erture receives" the. threaded'stem 77 4of a all member78 which 'may be provided upon its outer face Bearing upon consists of two separate parts 80X united by screws S1 that extend through. openings therein and not only unite the plates together but likewise connect the roller forniedlhereby with the ball member 78. To assemble the parts it is merely necessaryjto project the threaded stem through the centralopening in one of the plates or sections '80X and then v by a ball and socket or universal joint which screw the two plates'togetheig with the ball 78 within'the socket formed bv the central the ,depending arm ,74. The roller formed by the plates 80X is thus united to the arm 7 4 'affords an easy movement, free from binding during the shifting .of the platenr The .tread 'ofthe roller is adapted to bear in a groove 82 in a vibratory plate orbar 83 that is pivoted V inscrew bearings-84 carried by the frame of wardly to the keyboard of the machine, 'as

illustrated. .in Fig. 3, where it is provided with a key 91, that is pivoted theretoat 92 so as. to q have aa movement independent of the shift l 'l`he-key`91:comprisesl a head or lever 89.

the pawl or catch 94is adapted to'coperatfthe machine- (see Fig. 7). The reduced por tion ofthe bar orjplate near one end there-of is Y ro'vfidedl with a crank' arm 85 that is rigv l'd y secured to what may be considered the shaft or pivot of` this shift plate or bar 83o The outer orfree end of the crank rarn'i 85 is pivoted at 86 to, an upwardly extending link 87 that has its lower end pivotally connected at SS-to a bell crank lever 89 that is pivoted at 90 and has a'lever arm projecting forbutton and a folded or two-ply sheet metal stem or shank 93, as seen 'clearly at liig. l10'. A pawl or catchv94 is rigidly secured at 95 at the lower end of said stem and between the jaws orplates thereof. The upper end 94 of with stop vfaces 94a and94b ofthe ke)T lever I and thus limit the movement of the key 91 and its stein 93 with relation to the key lever.

Said catch '94 has an inclined end 96 that cooperates, under circumstances to be herein- 1 'after described, with a rigid abutment 97 Vwhich extends from a bracket l97X- secured at 9S to the base of thel machine. This rigid abutment has an inclined face that correspends tothe inclined faceof the catch .94.

, he catchis liifzewise provided with a. recess 99 and a flat face 100, with both of which the hooked end 101 of a lcafspring 1.02 is adapted to coperate, the leaf spring being' secured at 103 to the shift key lcvcr.

When' the'partsv are in the normal position the hook-likeend '101 of the leaf spring Willbe seatedin the rece'sslof tliep'a'wl 95, and rnainy ein the enger' lay. ma am in @Position relativelyr to the key lever such as; 1s representedl in Fie'. l3,l so tliata ldownward .de'E

pression on the finger key at this 44tii'nefwill 'Y .70 and when pressure on the key is released the, 'l

merely .result in the shifting of the vplaten" shift key lever will be restored to the norm-al position. When, however7A it is 'desired'..tof write all upper case characters orito mainl'tain the'platen intli'e upper case position for some time, the finger key is ldepresselzlinthe usual manner an from-'the hook-like end of the leaf spring 102 and its nose or end 96 brought beneath the xed` abutment as represented in Fig. 5.v The key will remain in this position until `it is given va slight forward movement around its pivot 92., which; is effective to yWithdraw the nose of the catch from enga ement with then given a' moyement. around its pivot 92 toward therearof the machine so'tliat the catch 95 will be released the abutment 97, and the :hookiks-end 101 of the leat'spring" 'will then be again seated in 'r lthe recess 99 in the pawl `and -the finger key.-

t 9o.- relation to the shift key lever until the Ifinger' key is again pressedv toward the rear of the4 .machine If the linger key should acci- Will be maintained in its normal position wi deiitally be given a forwardmovement during a portion of the down stroke of the shifty lever no harm will result because the inclined endof the catch 94 will be brought to bear against the inclined face of the fixed abutment. If a continuedgdownward*and rear-j@ ywa'rdly directed pressure is exerted upon thev with the teeth v108 of la line-space ratchet wheel 109 that is securedto one end of the platen by Iscrews 110.' This spring detent not only performs vthe usual functions of" such detente but rit likewise insures the proper positioning of the platen with'relationto the faces of the'types duringthe shiftin move-.

ment yin other Words, it maintains ay xed relationship between the platen and its frame so that at the completion of the shifting ac-` tion the line of print will. be brought to the" proper plane to receive the next type iin-A pression 1n alinement `with the letters prevvi If there were no means for ously Written. v holding the platen relatively to its frame, there would be a slight motion of the platen relatively to the frame iftlie shift key should be violently actuated and hence`tlie lineo'f print would not register wit-h'the printing* point shaft 69 and -this transmits through the crank armsl 68 a movement to the pla-ten and the type would print off" the line. A depression of thc shift key 91 rocks the fi'ani'e around the center 57X., I D uring'this movement, however, the platen .i1-ame re-w ceives a .movement Whichfis substantially.

coincident With the .curvature of its endy rplates so'tha't Athe cross bar 60, during a shi-ft# ingniovement from the lower to'ithe upper tease position, will be moved upwardly and iforvvardlyl and will cause the -platen to frefceiv'ef-a slight rotary movement 4around its vaxis by reason oi the detent'which is carried byl the bar, though a fixed re'lation'isfmaintained between ythe platen and. platen frame.l Froman examination oiFig. l6,i t rill be canse platentofreceivea greateifextent fof movementat its axis of revolutie an `'.iit

,that side of the platen opposite t'lfieprin mg' goin@ during theshifting operation, 4than it oes at the printing point' side.' "Thus a I i' given 'point on the rear face of the platen `represented V'at j forl instance Willbejmoved s rit d. atlk," Whereas 1a given point repreihe the'platen is shifted Ato'a point 1-epres nt d' at y for instance on the'iorward or p in ing face of the platen receives onl r a movement'represented by the distance be- -tween th'e lines h Kand i, where these lines cross the printing faces of the types. It will be noted that when the platen is in thelowermost position, the face oi' the lowermost or loWer case type on the type bar strikes the lface of'the platen above a horizontal line extending through the axis of revolution thereof Whereas when the platen is shifted to the raised position, the uppermost type or upper ca se type impacts Withvthe face oi the cylinder at a portion thereof which is below a horizontal plane passing t rough the axis oi'- the platen. It will be seen that the platen is shifted transversely art'mn-d the center 56 Tand simultaneously rotated about its own f axis so that the printing face is given a much shorter movement than its axis and one; Which'is just equa'lto the distance between the centers of the types upon the type bars. The effect of the shifting devices upon the face of the platen is the same as though the platen carrier were pivoted on its front side at the point p. This ecuiiarm'ovement afforded the platen during the shifting` thereof is .rendered necessary by reason lof the peculiar arrangement oi' the type faces and'there'fore in one sense the shifting mecha anism may be regarded as essential in coni nection with type carriers having faces inclined in the manner shown and described. But 1n so far as the arrangement oi the types vis-concerned, it Will be understood that the v type-barsystem may be shifted instead oi' the platen and also that in so far -as coneerns the arrangement of the type bars, there may be only one.` ty e en each. bar and hence no shift of the p aten. By examining Fig. 6, it will be seen that the type' faces 6 5 (which may be curved' to match the curvaplane is in 'the invention be appliedf'to atoi l lovver c ase piinting'position, in planestfo'r g) -Whlch are-'fia angles to a horizontall plane.' In a iron trikefmachine this"horizontal ,lateiil-by thel dotted-1l" bottom stri'iiei)inachiiitl tl' impact between the prii planes whiifl This. 1

For a top 'strike machine,

that the ytype bar willl appear on top ol' the platen and the horizontal planeis'still reprc- .i sented by the dotted line l. It will also bei observed lj'roin an examination ol' Fig.A (5 .that

both' type laces impact withthe platen atrv rangles to a Vvertical plane.

sented bythe dotted iinel, and 'if the igurefl be turned so as to representthe type bar be"l n'eathv the platen .as in. an understrike ma-`vr chinet then the vertical plane would be represented by the dotted line m. Thishne -m/ would hkewise represent a vertical plane.

should the 'iigure be reversed so that the types strike on the upper 'portion-'ol' the platen. It/Will therefore be vseenthat the faces oi' v the t pes impact with the platen on' planes which re at angles to avertitalplane, 100

as well as at a gles to a horizontalplane, Whether the inv' ntion be embodied in a top strike, front strike or under strike machine.

The machine olA course may be constructed so that thetypesstrike the* platen on the 1 05 'frontlside at any portion-oi the 'uppdifforward quadrant thereof;

Irihe type blocks may be stemless and may be soldered or otherwise secured tothe bars. The pivots' of the type bars may be ofthe 110 ball bearing type 'shown' or of any knownA or suitable construction. It Will-'be noted that thetype bars are of equal length that they are arranged in segmentalform With their pivots stepping outwardly or forwardly grady115 uallyfrom the extremities of the segment ltoward the'imiddle thereof, so that the pivots are 'arranged'at an angle to the plane o1' the segment or segmental support 1n which the type bars are mounted vthat the stepping of 120 the type bar pivots causes such pivots to lie in diil'erent parallel planes transversely :of the machine andwhlch areat difiere-nt distances from the face of the platen or the plane in Which said face lies; that theplvdts 125 of thetype bars at the upper ends of the terminals of the segment lie in planes which vare lnearest the front side of the platen, While those pivots Whichare at or near the middle ofthe segment lie in planes which v'arefarther' 130' In a iront strikel machine, the vertical plane would be repre the bars are of unifornr length, said bars teriniuateat their type ends in different vertical planes, considered transversely of' the machine, or at different distances from the vertical plane of the face of the platen and have a l downwardly and outwardly step-shaped arrangement at their type .ends fr om the upper to the lower portions of the segment; that each type block or bed h as an. upper case type and a lower casetype inclined one to the otherg-that the planes of the faces of these types intersect at a point beyond' and `forward of the face of the type block or bed that the lower case type of each type bar is situated in the plane of the type bar and is directly over the stem of the` type block by which the latter is attached to the bar; that the upper case portion ofthe type block is oil'- set from said plane; that the platen is niount-l ed so as to be shifted simultaneously both transversely and rotatively so that the print mg point or line is shifted only the distance tionof a platen, a type bar having a lower from center to center of the two'types on one bar while all other portions of the platen are shifted greater distances; and that the yf a ces of the types strike the .platen on planes which are at angles to --a horizontalplane and to a vertical-plane.

Various other features of construction and arrangement have `hereinbefore been pointed out, and perhaps need not be repeated here;

Changes in details of constructionv and arrangement may in some instances be made without de arting from the spirit of my invention an, some of the features of i1nprovement may be used in some. machines without others.

Certain features shown and described are not claimed herein but constitute thev suhject-matter of divisional applications.

What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is

1. In a typewriting machine, the combination ofa platen anda type-bar, a plurality of types on said bar, the faces of which impact i bar, and means for shifting the platen for.

With the platen in different planes that are at angles to a horizontal plane, the said faces being .inclined4 rearwardly andoutwardly from a point intermediate and in front of the types` v 2. In atypewriting machine, thecornbination of a platen, a type bar, a plurality-of types on said bar, the faces of which impact with the platen in planes that are at angles to a horizontal plane, the said faces being inclined rearwardly and outwardly 'from a point intermediate and in front of the types,

ey actuated means for moving said type upper and lower case printing, the center of rotation of said platen receiving` a greater extent of movement than that portion thi-reof which is at and adjacent to the printing,` point.

' 3. nation of a/ platen, a type-bar havingfa yplurality of types whose printing faees'are inlIn a typewriting inalchinc, the coinbiclined backwardly and outwardly from a point intermediate and forward ofthel types,

and means for shifting the type bar and4 platen relatively one to thel other for upper and lowercase printing and so that the une pact between the types, and platen will be labove and below horizontal planes extending. through vthe axis of revolution of said platen when the platen and typesare in different relative case positions. v

4. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a type bar'having a plurality of types, a platen, and means for shifting,` said platento change the .case position .thereof and for moving' that portion ofsaid platen opposlte the printing` center to a greater extent than that portion which is adjacent to the printmg centers` 5. In a typemitmg machine, the combina'-V and so that the impact of the lower casetype on the lplaten will be above a horizontal plane passing through the axis of. revolution of the platen and so that the impact of the upper case type on thc platen will be below a horizontalv plane passing through the axis of revolution of the platen in the different relative case positions of the type bar and platen.

6.. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a cylindrical platen, a type bar having a plurality of types, and means for shiftins;T said platen for upper and lower caso printin and so that the impact between one f type on' the carrier and the platen'ivill be above a horizontal plane extending througl'i the airis oie-revolution of the gilate'n' and so that the impact between another type on the carrier and the platen will be below a horizont-al plane extending through the axis of the platen, said shifting means moving the printing 'side ofthe platen a less distance than any other portion of the platen.

7. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a cylindrical platen, a type bar havingI a plurality of types, Athe faces of which are inclined baclrnfardly and out\vardly, and inipact with the platen in planes that are at angles to a horizontal and alsoto 'a vertical plane, and means for shlfting said platen and movingthe printing face thereof a less distance than the opposite portion of the platen.

S.. In a typew-riting machine, the combinai Itype on :the platen will be above a horizontal lplane} assnig through the axis of revolution i shown, a cylindrical platen, and Ameans. for

of thel platen when the parts are in one casepositionand so that the impact of another 'type ontlie platen will be below a horizontal plane passing through the axis of revolution i o'f vthe platen when the parts are in another l"case position.

V 1 In a typewriting machine, the combination of a platen, and a system of type bars, each type bar having two types on a block,

the type facesy being inclined 'relativelyV to eachother and fromthe middle of theblock outwardly and backwardly toward the base thereof and Ione of saidjtypes being situated in the plane of movement of the'ty'pe bar and the other being offset therefifoin. 11: In a typewriting machine, the combination of a platen, a series of type bars having each two types, ywhose printing faces are inclined` rearwardly and outwardly from a point intermediate the types, and at least oneof the types of each pair being situated in the plane `of movement of its bar, and the other type4 oneach'bar being off-set as the sides of the system are approached.

12. In a t ewriting machine, the combi;4 nation of a p aten, a series of straight type bars, considered with relation to their planes of movement, .an eppoi* case type and a lower case type whose printing faces impact withv the platen in different planes that are at angles toa horizontal lane, said type faces on each bar being inv ined forwardly from the outer extremities thereof toward a point intermediate of and in front ofsai'd types,

,and the lower case type on each carrier being situated'in the plane of movement of its bar.

` 13. A ty e member consisting of 4a stem, a bed or bloc partially offset from said stem, a i type on said block and arranged directlyover said stem and a second type arranged on the offset portion of said blocinboth of said types having-faces which incline in opposite directions landrearwardly and outwardly.

14. In'a typewriting machine, the 'combinationV of a platen, a platen frame which moves on two" centers during the shiftingk thereof from one case position to another,

one ofsaid centers being coincident with the f aXis of the platen, the platen partaking of said movement, and means for shifting said platen frame about said centers.y

ceases f 15. Ina typewriting machine, thev combination of a platen, a platen frame whichy swings on two centers during vthegshifti'ng .thereof from one case position towfa`nother,` f `one of said centers beingl coincident witlrthe axis of the platen, means forvmaintairiingfa fixed relation between vthe. platen and its frame during the shifting movement, and

means for shifting said platen-frame about Y said centers'. l

' 16. Ina typewriting machine, thelcombination of .a platen, platen frame-which swings on two centers duringy the shifting thereof from .one case position'v to anot,lier,

oneof said centers being coincidentlwith the 4,

axis of the platen, means for maintaining-'a lixed relation between the platen and its.

frame during theshifting movements, means` for shifting said platen frame, and a ser'iesfof type bars each which have inclined. faces that are adapted to impact with the platen.

aving a plurality of types ."4

17. In a ty ewriting machine, the combii nation of a p aten, ,a platen frame which` is adapted fto' swing ontheaxis of the platen durmg' the caselfshiftingl movement of the platen frame, )and case shifting shiftin said platen frame.

` 18. n a ty ewriting,machine,v the combination of ya p aten, a platen frame which 1s ada ted to swingen the aXis of the `platen kduring the case shifting movement of the platen frame, means for maintaining a-iXed relation between the platen and'platen frame during v the shifting' movements, and 'case' shifting means for shifting said platenv frame.

19. In a typewriting machine, lthe combination of 'a carriage, a platen, a platen frame which is adapted to swing on the axis of the platen during the case shifting movement-'of theplaten frame, links which'are pivoted to `90 fmeans for said platen yframe and to the carriage'andpn which said frame is adapted to swing during its case shifting movement, means for mam.-

taining' a fixed relation between the platen and platen frame during the case shlftlng movements, and case shifting means'for' shifting said platen frame.

20. Ina typewriting machine,` the combinationof a carriage having end lates with curvilinear recesses therein, a p aten frame. liavngcrved'end plates ada ated to I nove 1n `the said recesses in the end plates of the 'carriage land in paths that conform substantlallyv to the c'urves of the end plates of the platen frame, a platen, and meansfor shifting said platen frame. l I

21. 'In a typewriting machine, the'combination of a carriage having end plates vwlth curvilinear recesses therein, a platenfframe having curved end plates ada ted to move in the said recesses in the end p ates of the car-f `riage, means for shifting said platen frame,

stops carried by the platen frame, and cop- I for connecting t e lerating abutmentsion the carriage to limit shift roler and rail to -effect va transverse movementof the laten, and a universal joint which carries it.

v23. In a typewriting machine, Ithe combination vof a carriage, a platen frame and a roller carried thereby, a ball-and-socket jointfor the roller,a shift rail carried by thefra'me of the machine and adapted to act on said roller, and key actuated means for moving the shift rail.

` 24. In a typewriting machine, the combior axis, a platen frame,- links pivoted .to the carriage and pivotally connected to the shaft or axis of the fplaten, another link connectedto the platen ame, a pivot or'rock shaft for said last named link, anarm extending fromsaid pivot or roclr` shaft, a shifter bar, and means for actuating said shifter bar.

26. In Ia typewriting machine,- the combi-A nation of a series of type barsshavingfeach an uppercase type and a lower case ytype and' the faces of the types being inclined as shown,

a carriage, a platen, a platen shaft, a platen frame in which said shaft is journaled, links pivoted at their outer ends to the carriage and pivotally connected at their inner ends .to the platen shaft, another link pivoted at one end of the carriage-and at the other end y to theplaten frame, an arm extending from said pivot at the carriage, a shifterbar cooperatingvwith said arm, and keymechanisin for actuating said shifter bar.

27. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a serie:1 of type bars having each an upper case type anda lower case type, the faces of the tvpes being inclined as shown, a

- carriage, a platen, 'a platen shaft, a platen frame in which said shaft is journaled, links pivoted at their outer ends to the carriage and pivotally connected at their inner ends to the platen shaft, a rock shaft on saidcarriage, another linkconniected to, said rock shaft and to the platen frame, an arm projecting from said rock shaft and having a l roller, a shifter bar or plate pivptally mounted in the framework of the machine and coconnections from said shift lfey to said shifter bar or plate.

combi-V nation of a p laten frame', a shift roller and rail, ke -actuated means for moving said shift roller to the partv 28. In a typewriting machine, thecombif nation of a carriage, a platen frame, a platen' shaft, platen, a set of links pivoted to the carriage at their outer ends and embracin the platen shaft at their' inner ends, a secon 70 set of 'links pivoted to the carriage at their outer-ends and pivotally connected at their inner ends to the platen frame and means forv movinv. the last mentionedset of links to y ,shift the platen transversely, the' construe-'75 vvtion and arrangement being such that when the shift takes place, the platen frame moves bodily and also rotatably about the platen .shaft and causes the platen to'move transversely and rotatably and sol that the transverse movement of the platen is less on its printing side than. at any l'other portion thereof. v r 29. In a front-strike typewriting machine, the combination of a platen; a series of pivotedV type carriers arranged in se mental frm and having their (pivots all para lel to an upright plane exten mg longitudinally through the axis of the platen, pivots of adjacent type bars at and near the middle of the series being in a sin 7le plane-Which extends at right angles to the engthof the type bars'whereas the vpivots of-type-bars near the ends of the series' are 'at'progress'ively greater distances from ,said upright plane', and key actuated means for operating said type bars.

3 0. In a front-strike4 typewriting machine, the combination of a platen; a series of pivoted type carriers arranged'in the form of a segment and having their pivots all parallel to anaipri'ght plane extending longitudinally through the axis ofthe platen, the pivots of the type carriers at the ends of thesegment being stepped -pro ressively toward said plane through the p aten; and key actuated 105 means for operating said type carriers.

31. In a typewriting machine, the combi-v nation of a system ofpivoted type bars arranged in segmental form andhaving their angle to the plane of the segment- 32. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a system of pivoted type carriers which normally are horizontally disposed and which are arranged in segmental form and have their pivots arranged substantially in a single plane which is inclined to the vertical, and key-actuated means for operating said type carriers.

33. In a front strike typewriting machine, the combination of a platen, a type bar support, and type bars pivoted thereon, the line of the pivots being segmental and the end f portion only ofthe linc of pivots having an upward and backwardinclination toward the face cf the platen.

g 34. In a front strike typewriting machine,

the combination of a platen, a system of pivoted type carriers, the pivots of which are a1'- i ranged in a compound curve and are at propivotal centers in a single row that is at an 110- -"in-segmental formand terminating at their ype lbars' at the sides of the system being type ends at dilerent'distances from aplane `passing through the axis of the platen, the

nearest said plane.

47. In al front strike typewriting machine',

i'; the combination with a laten, of a system of typebars of uniform length arranged inl seg" Substantially horizonte ly disposed pivoted .outwardly step-shaped arrangement at their type ends from the 'upperto the-lower portions of the system.- v

d8.- In a front strike typewritingmachine,v .the combination with a platen, of. a system of substantially horizontal y disposed type bars "of substantially- 'uniforni length segmentally `arramged and terminating vat their type Aends in different transverse vertical planes, 'the ,type ends of a number of adjacent type bars at theV centerof'the system being in substan- Avers operatively connected to the type bars,

AAsaid bell crank key levers being of progress# i ively greater lengths from the center to Athe A -sides of the segment and the Darts being con-- tially the same plane and those at the sides of [the system being in planes that are; at ro- -gressively greater distances from said -p ane of the type ends at the center of the system as the terminal type bars of the systeinare approached.

' 49. 'ln typewriting machine, the combiatio'n of a series of segmentally arranged type bars, and a series of bell crank key le- Atially uniform leverage onthe various actions.

5' tively connected to the type bars, finger keys` carried by said bell crank'levei's, andineans- 'for mounting said levers at different points #being constructed and arranged to afford a Y 51. ln'atypewriting machine, nation-of a series of segnientally arranged '50i Ina typewritingniachine, the combination of a series of type bars, and a series of bell crank key levers operatively connect-ed tothe type bars, tbe-lever arms on each bell crank extending to substantially equal dis-- tances from the fulcrluin thereof.

type' bars, a series of bell crank leversoperafore and aftl of the machine, the levers being of progressively greater lengths from the center to the sides of the segment and the parts substantiallyuniform leverage on the vari-l 4- 'vous actions.

nation of a series of type bars, a series o f bell `crank levers operatively connected to the type bars, the levers being mounted at differ-l ent heilits and the lever 'arms of each bell crank extendingto substantially.equal eX- tents from .the fulciuin'tliere'of,..and 'liiig'er keysie'farried by said bell crank levers.

f 5S. ln a typewriting, machine, the c-oinbi'- natioii of aser-ies of type-,barsy a series ofbell the combi-- 52. .ln a typewritingmachine, the coinbicrank levers oiiirratively connected to the type bars, the lever arms of each bell crank extending to substantially equal entente ing said levers at different points foreand aft of the machine and atdilieient heights, and finger keys carried by said bell crank levers. 54. ina tyi'ieivriting machine, the combi nation of a series of seginentally arranged type bars, a series of cooperating bell crank levers which are adapted to-vilnate fore and aft ofthe machine and the lever of each of which extend to substantially equal eX tents from the -fulcruin thereof, means for inounting said levers at differentpoint-s fore and. .aft of the machine and at different heights, and finger keys carried by said bell cranklevers; 5 l 55. ln a typewritiig iiiiachine, the combination of a series of seginentally arranged type bars, series of cooperating bell crank nationof `a series of segnientally" arranged a series of 'parallel Ibell crank levers connected to said links and each having arms of substantially equal length, said levers being prof gressively longen as they extend from the center tothe sides of the series of segmen- 57 .L In a typewrit'ing inachine,-tlie combi# nation of a platen, a series lof segmentally arranged type bars, each of 'which is .provided riedby said bell crank jlevers. Y

nectfed to the type b ars, saidbellfcrank levers from the -center to the sides of the' segment, the parts being constructed and arranged to afford a uniform leverage on the various actions, and means for shift-ing said platen and i type'bars relatively one tothe other.

58,. ln a typewriting machine, the combi-` nation of a platen, a series of segment-ally arrang-ed type bars, each ofwvhich' is 'provided printing faces and aseries of key actuated the 'type bars,l the lever arms of each .bell

crank extending to substantially lequal eX- -tents from thefulcriiiii thereof,and means tively'on'eto the other.

from the f ulciiini thereof, means-for inount' levers which are adanted to vibrate fore and 1progressively longer as they extend' i s egmeiiitally arranged type bars, and means machine and at di serent with a plurality of 4types and a series of key actuated bell crank levers operatively con-l for shifting said platen and type barsrela- J56.` In atypewritingmachine, the coinbig -type bars7 a'series oflinks connected thereto,`

tally arranged type bars, and finger keys eariio,

lbeingl progressively.- longer as they. extend with'a, plurality of types havingfinclined bell ,crank levers operatively' connected tofseries of bel A59.l In a tyVv ewriting machine, the combiaten, aseries of type bars,a

nation of a crank levers operatively con- '.nected to the type bars, the lever arms of plurality of types on each type bar, the faces of which impact with the platen in di'erent planes that are angles to ahorizontal plane,

' means for shifting the platen and type bars the said faces beinginclined forwardly from the outer extremities thereof toward a point` intermediate and infront of said types, and

relatively one to the' other.

60. ln a ty ewrting machine, the combination of a aten, a series of type bars, a series of bellD crank levers operatively connected to the type bars, the lever arms of each bell crank extendingto substantially equal extents from the fulcrum thereof, a

plurality of types on each type bar, the faces- 'of which impact With the platen in planes thatI are at angles to a horizontal plane, the

said faces being inclined. forwardly from the outer extremities of each of the types to- Ward a point intermediate and in front of said types, and means for shifting the platen, the center of rotation of said platen' receiving a greater extent ofmovement than. that portion thereof which is at and adjacent to the printing point. i

6l. ln a typewriting machine, the combination of a system of levers whose movements are measured by angles decreasing in size from the middle t0 the sides of the system, and a universal bar movable bythe levers to actuate the carriage-feed mechanism, said combination including means to equalize the movements imparted to the bar by means of the levers.

62. ln a typewriting machine, the combiy nation of a system of key-actuated levers Whose movements are measured by different angles, and carriage feed mechanism on which each lever acts from-the beginning to the end of the movement imparted to the lever by the depression of its key, said combination including means to equalize the movements imparted by means of the levers .to a portion of the carriage-feed mechanism.

68. ln a typewriting machine, the combination of a system of key-actuated levers Whose movements are measured by different angles, and carriage-feed mechanism comprising a universal bar on which each lever acts from the beginning to the end `of the movement imparted to the lever by the depression of its key, said combination including means toA equalize the movements imparted by the levers to the universal bar.

64. ln a typewriting machine; the combination. of a system of upwardly-extending ltype bar actuating lever arms whose movements are measured by angles decreasing in 'size from the middle to the sides of the syslever arms acting on the bar at velevations vwhich increase from the middle to the sides of the system of lever arms, the bar .being connected .to a pair of parallel links which are pivoted to iiXed support.

65. ln a typewriting machine, the combination of a system of upwardly extending type bar actuating lever arms increasing in length from the middle to thesides of the system, and a universal. bar- Yoperative by said levers acting on the bar at elevations which increase from the middle to the sides ofthe system of lever arms, t'hebars being connected toA a pair of parallel links or arms.

66. ln a typewriting machine, the combination of a system of upwardly extendingv type bar actuating lever arms increasing in length from the middle to the sides of the system, keys for actuating said upwardly extending lever arms, and a curved universal bar cooperating with said levernarms,

67. ln a typewriting machine, the combination of e. system of angular key levers having upright arms that increase in height at their upper ends fronr thecenter to the sides of the system, and a curved universal bar that coperates With the upright arms of said levers.

68. ln a typewriting machine, the combination of a system of typebar actuating levers have dilllerent angular movements', and a univeral bar that contacts with said levers in the" initial position thereof and which is moved a'uniform distance by all of said levers.' i

' 69. lin a typewriting machine, vthe coin-v bination of a system of angular type bar actuating levers that have'ditlerent angular movements, and a ,universal vbar that cooperates with one set of arms of said angular levers and Which is taken up ata uniform. period in the actuation of all of the different levers and is moved a uniform distance by all of said levers.

70. In a typevvriting machine, the coma universal bar which coperates With one set of arms of said angular key levers and which is taken up at a uniform period in the actua- 115 tion of all ofthe different levers and is moved a uniform distance by all of said levers 71. `In a typewriting machine, the combination of a system of angular key levers having upright arms that increase in height at their upper ends from the center to the sides-.of the system, both arms of each key lever being substantially the same length,` and a curved universal bar that coperates with the upright arms of said levers.

72. In a typewriting machine, the com-- bination of asystem of type bar actuatingA levers vthat. have dilierent angular movements, yboth arms of each type'bar actuating lever-being substantially the same length,l 130 

